17. The author claims that most studies of folktales told by Afro-American slaves are inadequate because
the studies
(A) fail to recognize any possible Euro-American influence on the folktales
(B) do not pay enough attention to the features of a folktale that best reveal an African influence (C) overestimate the number of folktales brought from Africa by the slaves (D) do not consider the fact that a folktale can be changed as it is retold many times (E) oversimplify the diverse and complex traditions of the slaves ancestral homeland 18. The author’s main purpose is to
(A) create a new field of study (B) discredit an existing field of study (C) change the focus of a field of study
(D) transplant scholarly techniques from one field of study to another (E) restrict the scope of a burgeoning new field of study
19. The passage suggests that the author would regard which of the following areas of inquiry as most
likely to reveal the slaves’ cultural continuities with Africa?
(A) The means by which Blacks disseminated their folktales in nineteenth-century America (B) Specific regional differences in the styles of delivery used by the slaves in telling folktales (C) The functional meaning of Black folktales in the lives of White children raised by slave (D) The specific way the slaves used folktales to impart moral teaching to their children (E) The complexities of plot that appear most frequently in the slaves’ tales
20. Which of the following techniques is used by the author in developing the argument in the passage?
(A) Giving a cliché a new meaning (B) Pointedly refusing to define key terms
(C) Alternately presenting generalities and concrete details
(D) Concluding the passage with a restatement of the first point made in the passage (E) Juxtaposing statements of what is not the case and statements of what is the case
The energy contained in rock within the earth’s crust represents a nearly unlimited energy source, but until recently commercial retrieval has been limited to underground hot water and/or steam recovery systems. These systems have been developed in areas of recent volcanic activity, where high rates of heat flow cause visible eruption of water in the form of geysers and hot springs. In other areas, however, hot rock also exists near the surface but there is insufficient water present to produce eruptive phenomena. Thus a potential hot dry rock (HDR) reservoir exists whenever the
amount of spontaneously produced geothermal fluid has been judged inadequate for existing commercial systems.
As a result of recent energy crisis, new concepts for creating HDR recovery systems—which involve drilling holes and connecting them to artificial reservoirs placed deep within the crust—are being developed. In all attempts to retrieve energy from HDR’s, artificial stimulation will be required to create either sufficient permeability or bounded flow paths to facilitate the removal of heat by circulation of a fluid over the surface of the rock.
The HDR resource base is generally defined to included crustal rock that is hotter than 150℃, is at depths less than ten kilometers, and can be drilled with presently available equipment. Although wells deeper than ten kilometers are technically feasible, prevailing economic factors will obviously determine the commercial feasibility of wells at such depths. Rock temperatures as low as 100℃ may be useful for space heating; however, for producing electricity, temperatures greater than 200℃ are desirable.
The geothermal gradient, which specifically determines the depth of drilling required to reach a desired
temperature, is a major factor in the recoverability of geothermal resources. Temperature gradient maps generated from oil and gas well temperature-depth records kept by the American Association of Petroleum Geologists suggest that tappable high-temperature gradients are distributed all across the United States. (There are many areas, however, for which no temperature gradient records exist.)
Indications are that the HDR resource base is very large. If an average geothermal temperature gradient of 22℃ per kilometer of depth is used, a staggering 13,000,000 quadrillion B.T.U.’s of total energy are calculated to be contained in crustal rock to a ten-kilometer depth in the United States. If we conservatively estimate that only about 0.2 percent is recoverable, we find a total of all the coal remaining in the United States. The remaining problem is to balance the economics of deeper, hotter, more costly wells and shallower, cooler, less expensive wells against the value of the final product, electricity and/or heat.
21. The primary purpose of the passage is to
(A) alert readers to the existence of HDR’s as an available energy source
(B) document the challengers that have been surmounted in the effort to recover energy from HDR’s (C) warn the users of coal and oil that HDR’s are not an economically feasible alternative
(D) encourage the use of new techniques for the recovery of energy from underground hot water and
steam (E) urge consumers to demand quicker development of HDR resources for the production of energy 22. The passage would be most likely to appear in a
(A) petrological research report focused on the history of temperature-depth records in the United States (B) congressional report urging the conservation of oil and natural gas reserves in the United States (C) technical journal article concerned with the recoverability of newly identified energy sources (D) consumer report describing the extent and accessibility of remaining coal resources
(E) pamphlet designed to introduce homeowners to the advantages of HDR space-heating systems 23. According the passage, an average geothermal gradient of 22℃ per kilometer of depth can be used to
(A) balance the economics of HDR energy retrieval against that of underground hot water or steam
recovery systems (B) determine the amount of energy that will used for space heating in the United States (C) provide comparisons between hot water and HDR energy sources in United States (D) revise the estimates on the extent of remaining coal resources in the United States (E) estimate the total HDR resource base in the United States
24. It can be inferred from the passage that the availability of temperature-depth records for any specific
area in the United States depends primarily on the
(A) possibility that HDR’s may be found in that area
(B) existence of previous attempts to obtain oil or gas in that area (C) history of successful hot water or steam recovery efforts in that area (D) failure of inhabitants to conserve oil gas reserves in that area (E) use of coal as a substitute for oil or gas in that area
25. According to the passage, in all HDR recovery systems fluid will be necessary in order to allow
(A) sufficient permeability (B) artificial stimulation (C) drilling of holes (D) construction of reservoirs (E) transfer of heat
26. According to the passage, if the average geothermal gradient in an area is 22℃ per kilometer of depth,
which of the following can be reliably predicted?
I.
The temperature at the base of a 10-kilometer well will be sufficient for the production of electricity.
II. Drilling of wells deeper than 10 kilometers will be economically feasible. III. Insufficient water is present to produce eruptive phenomena. (A) I only (B) II only (C) I and II only (D) II and III only (E) I, II, and III
27. Which of the following would be the most appropriate title for the passage?
(A) Energy from Water Sources: The Feasibility of Commercial Systems (B) Geothermal Energy Retrieval: Volcanic Activity and Hot Dry Rocks (C) Energy Underground: Geothermal Sources Give Way to Fossil Fuels (D) Tappable Energy for America’s Future: Hot Dry Rocks
(E) High Geothermal Gradients in the United States: Myth or Reality?
SECTION B Four legal approaches may be followed in attempting to channel technological development in socially useful direction: specific directives, market incentive modifications, criminal prohibitions, and changes in decision-making structures. Specific directives involve the government’s identifying one or more factors controlling research,
development, or implementation of a given technology. Directives affecting such factors may vary from administrative regulation of private activity to government ownership of a technological operation. Market incentive modifications are deliberate alterations of the market within which private decisions regarding the development and implementation of technology are made. Such modifications may consist of imposing taxes to cover the costs to society of a given technology, granting subsidies to pay for social benefits of a technology, creating the right to sue to prevent certain technological development, or easing procedural rules to enable the recovery of damages to compensate for harm caused by destructive technological activity. Criminal prohibitions may modify technological activity in areas impinging on fundamental social values, or they may modify human behavior likely to result from technological applications—for example, the deactivation of automotive pollution control devices in order to improve vehicle performance. Alteration of
decision-making structures includes all possible modifications in the authority, constitution, or responsibility of private and public entities deciding questions of technological development and implementation. Such alterations include the addition of public-interest members to corporate boards, the imposition by statute of duties on governmental decision-makers, and the extension of warranties in response to consumer action.
Effective use of these methods to control technology depends on whether or not the goal of regulation is the optimal allocation of resources. When the object is optimal resource allocation, that combination of legal methods should be used that most nearly yields the allocation that would exist if there were no external costs resulting from allocating resources through market activity. There are external costs when the price set by buyers and sellers of goods fails to include some costs, to anyone, that result from the production and use of the goods. Such costs are internalized when buyers pay them.
Air pollution from motor vehicles imposes external costs on all those exposed to it, in the form of soiling, materials damage, and disease: these externalities result from failure to place a price on air, thus making it a free good, common to all. Such externalities lead to nonoptimal resource allocation, because the private net product and the social net product of market activity are not often identical. If all externalities were internalized, transactions would occur until bargaining could no longer improve the situation, thus giving an optimal allocation of resources at a given time.
17. The passage is primarily concerned with describing
(A) objectives and legal method for directing technological development (B) technical approaches to the problem of controlling market activity
(C) economic procedures for facilitating transactions between buyers and sellers
(D) reasons for slowing the technological development in light of environmentalist objections (E) technological innovations making it possible to achieve optimum allocation of resources 18. The author cites air pollution from motor vehicles in lines 54-56 in order to
(A) revise cost estimates calculated by including the costs of resources (B) evaluate legal methods used to prevent technological developments (C) give examples of costs not included in buyer-seller bargains (D) refute hypotheses not made on the basis of monetary exchange values (E) commend technological research undertaken for the common welfare
19. According to the passage, transactions between private buyers and sellers have effects on society that
generally
(A) are harmful when all factors are considered (B) give rise to ever-increasing resource costs (C) reflect an optimal allocation of natural resources
(D) encompass more than the effects on the buyers and sellers alone (E) are guided by legal controls on the development of technology
20. It can be inferred from the passage that the author does NOT favor which of the following?
(A) Protecting the environment for future use
(B) Changing the balance of power between opposing interests in business (C) Intervening in the activity of the free market (D) Making prices reflect costs to everyone in society (E) Causing technological development to cease
21. A gasoline-conservation tax on the purchase of large automobiles, with the proceeds of the tax rebated
to purchasers of small automobiles, is an example of
(A) a specific directive
(B) a market incentive modification (C) an optimal resource allocation
(D) an alteration of a decision-making structure (E) an external cost
22. If there were no external costs, as they are described in the passage, which of the following would be
true?
(A) All technology-control methods would be effective. (B) Some resource allocations would be illegal. (C) Prices would include all costs to members of society. (D) Some decision-making structures would be altered. (E) The availability of common goods would increase.
23. The author assumes that, in determining what would be an optimal allocation of resources, it would be
possible to
(A) assign monetary value to all damage resulting from the use of technology (B) combine legal methods to yield the theoretical optimum
(C) convince buyers to bear the burden of damage from technological developments (D) predict the costs of new technological developments (E) derive an equation making costs depend on prices
24. On the basis of the passage, it can be inferred that the author would agree with which of the following
statements concerning technological development?
(A) The government should own technological operations. (B) The effect of technological development cannot be controlled. (C) Some technological developments are beneficial.
(D) The current state of technological development results in a good allocation of resources. (E) Applications of technological developments are criminally destructive.
The whole biosphere, like the individual organisms that live inside it, exists in a chemically dynamic state. In this homeostatic system, a great number of organic compounds are synthesized, transformed, and decomposed
continuously; together, these processes constitute the major parts of the carbon cycle. For the smooth operation of this cycle, degradation is just as important as synthesis: the green plants produce great quantities of polymers, such as cellulose, and innumerable other compounds like alkaloids, terpenes, and flavonoids, that green plants cannot use as sources of energy during respiration. The release of the carbon in these compounds for recycling depends almost entirely on the action of both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria and certain types of fungi. Some bacteria and fungi possess the unique and extremely important biochemical asset of being able to catalyze the oxidation of numerous inert products, thereby initiating reaction sequences that produce carbon dioxide and so return much carbon to a form that actively enters into life cycles once again.
25. The passage contains information that would answer which of the following questions about the carbon
cycle?
I.
What are some of the compounds that are broken down in the carbon cycle?
II. Why are some compounds that are involved in the carbon cycle less reactive than others? III. What role do bacteria and fungi play in the carbon cycle? (A) I only
(B) II only (C) III only (D) I and II only (E) I and III only
26. The author implies that which of the following is the primary reason that degradation is as important as
synthesis to the smooth operation of the carbon cycle?
(A) Most of the polymers and organic compounds found in the plant kingdom are chemically unstable. (B) The synthesis of some organic material deprives life processes of an energy source.
(C) Decomposition permits the recycling of carbon that would otherwise be fixed in certain substances. (D) Many organisms cannot use plants as a source of food, but can feed on bacteria and fungi. (E) Bacteria and fungi could not survive if some carbon compounds were not degraded.
27. The author’s contention about the importance of bacteria and fungi in the production of energy for life
processes would be most clearly strengthened if which of the following were found to be true?
(A) Both aerobes and anaerobes provide sources of energy through the decomposition of organic
material. (B) Most compounds containing carbon are unavailable as energy sources except to some bacteria and
fungi. (C) Bacteria and fungi break down inert material in ways that do not involve oxidation. (D) Many compounds remain inert, even in the presence of bacteria and fungi. (E) Bacteria and fungi assist in the synthesis of many organic compounds. No. 2-2 SECTION A Even as the number of females processed through juvenile courts climbs steadily, an implicit consensus remains among scholars in criminal justice that male adolescents define the delinquency problem in the United States. We suggest two reasons why this view persists. First, female adolescents are accused primarily of victimless crimes, such as truancy, that do not involve clear-cut damage to persons or property. If committed by adults, these actions are not even considered prosecutable; if committed by juvenile males, they have traditionally been looked on leniently by the courts. Thus, ironically, the plight of female delinquents receives little scrutiny because they are accused of committing relatively minor offenses. Second, the courts have long justified so-called preventive intervention into the lives of young females viewed as antisocial with the rationale that women are especially vulnerable. Traditional stereotypes of women as the weaker and more dependent sex have led to earlier intervention and longer periods of misdirected supervision for female delinquents than for males.
17. Which of the following statements best expresses the irony pointed out by the authors in lines 13-16 of
the passage?
(A) Female delinquents tend to commit victimless crimes more frequently than their male counterparts. (B) The predicament of male delinquents receives more attention than that of females because males are
accused of more serious crimes. (C) Adults are frequently punished less severely than adolescents for committing more serious crimes. (D) The juvenile justice system cannot correct its biases because it does not even recognize them. (E) Although the number of female delinquents is steadily increasing, the crimes of which they are
accused are not particularly serious. 18. It can be inferred from the passage that the authors believe traditional stereotypes of women to be
(A) frequently challenged
(B) persistently inexplicable (C) potentially harmful (D) rapidly changing (E) habitually disregarded
19. The passage suggests that scholars in criminal justice could be criticized for which of the following?
(A) Underestimating the seriousness of juvenile crime
(B) Rationalizing the distinction made between juveniles and adults in the legal system (C) Concerning themselves too little with the prevention of juvenile delinquency (D) Focusing on those whose crimes have involved damage to persons or property (E) Failing to point out injustices in the correctional system
Scattered around the globe are more than one hundred regions of volcanic activity known as hot spots. Unlike most volcanoes, hot spots are rarely found along the boundaries of the continental and oceanic plates that comprise the Earth’s crust; most hot spots lie deep in the interior of plates and are anchored deep in the layers of the Earth’s surface. Hot spots are also distinguished from other volcanoes by their lavas, which contain greater amounts of alkali metals than do those from volcanoes at plate margins.
In some cases, plates moving past hot spots have left trails of extinct volcanoes in much the same way that wind passing over a chimney carries off puffs of smoke. It appears that the Hawaiian Islands were created in such a manner by a single source of lava, welling up from a hot spot, over which the Pacific Ocean plate passed on a course roughly from the east toward the northwest, carrying off a line of volcanoes of increasing age. Two other Pacific island chains—the Austral Ridge and the Tuamotu Ridge—parallel the configuration of the Hawaiian chain; they are also aligned from the east toward the northwest, with the most recent volcanic activity near their eastern terminuses.
That the Pacific plate and the other plates are moving is now beyond dispute; the relative motion of the plates has been reconstructed in detail. However, the relative motion of the plates with respect to the Earth’s interior cannot be determined easily. Hot spots provide the measuring instruments for resolving the question of whether two continental plates are moving in opposite directions or whether one is stationary and the other is drifting away from it. The most compelling evidence that a continental plate is stationary is that, at some hot spots, lavas of several ages are superposed instead of being spread out in chronological sequence. Of course, reconstruction of plate motion from the tracks of hot-spot volcanoes assumes that hot spots are immobile, or nearly so. Several studies support such an assumption, including one that has shown that prominent hot spots throughout the world seem not to have moved during the past ten million years.
Beyond acting as frames of reference, hot spots apparently influence the geophysical processes that propel the plates across the globe. When a continental plate comes to rest over a hot spot, material welling up from deeper layers forms a broad dome that, as it grows, develops deep fissures. In some instances, the continental plate may rupture entirely along some of the fissures so that the hot spot initiates the formation of a new ocean. Thus, just as earlier theories have explained the mobility of the continental plates, so hot-spot activity may suggest a theory to explain their mutability.
20. The primary purpose of the passage is to
(A) describe the way in which hot spots influence the extinction of volcanoes (B) describe and explain the formation of the oceans and continents (C) explain how to estimate the age of lava flows from extinct volcanoes
(D) describe hot spots and explain how they appear to influence and record the motion of plates (E) describe the formation and orientation of island chains in the Pacific Ocean 21. According to the passage, hot spots differ from most volcanoes in that hot spots
(A) can only be found near islands
(B) are active whereas all other volcanoes are extinct (C) are situated closer to the earth’s surface (D) can be found along the edges of the plates (E) have greater amounts of alkali metals in their lavas
22. It can be inferred from the passage that evidence for the apparent course of the Pacific plate has been
provided by the
(A) contours of the continents (B) dimensions of ocean hot spots (C) concurrent movement of two hot spots (D) pattern of fissures in the ocean floor
(E) configurations of several mid-ocean island chains
23. It can be inferred from the passage that the spreading out of lavas of different ages at hot spots indicates
that a
(A) hot spot is active
(B) continental plate has moved (C) continental rupture is imminent (D) hot spot had been moving very rapidly
(E) volcano contains large concentrations of alkali metals
24. The passage suggests which of the following about the Hawaiian Islands, the Austral Ridge, and the
Tuamotu Ridge?
(A) The three chains of islands are moving eastward. (B) All the islands in the three chains have stopped moving. (C) The three island chains are a result of the same plate movement.
(D) The Hawaiian Islands are receding from the other two island chains at a relatively rapid rate. (E) The Austral Ridge and the Tuamotu Ridge chains have moved closer together whereas the Hawaiian
Islands have remained stationary. 25. Which of the following, if true, would best support the author’s statement that hot-spot activity may
explain the mutability of continental plates?
(A) Hot spots move more rapidly than the continental and oceanic plates. (B) Hot spots are reliable indicators of the age of continental plates.
(C) Hot spots are regions of volcanic activity found only in the interiors of the continental plates. (D) The alignment of hot spots in the Pacific Ocean parallels the alignment of Pacific Ocean islands. (E) The coastlines of Africa and South America suggest that they may once have constituted a single
continent that ruptured along a line of hot spots. 26. The author’s argument that hot spots can be used to reconstruct the movement of continental plates is
weakened by the fact that
(A) hot spots are never found at the boundaries of plates
(B) only extinct volcanoes remain after a plate moves over a hot spot (C) lava flow patterns for all hot spots have not been shown to be the same (D) the immobility or near immobility of hot spots has not been conclusively proven (E) the changing configurations of islands make pinpointing the locations of hot spots difficult
27. The author’s style can best be described as
(A) dramatic (B) archaic (C) esoteric (D) objective (E) humanistic
SECTION B Although scientists observe that an organism’s behavior falls into rhythmic patterns, they disagree about how these patterns are affected when the organism is transported to a new environment. One experimenter, Brown, brought oysters from Connecticut waters to Illinois waters. She noted that the oysters initially opened their shells widest when it was high tide in Connecticut, but that after fourteen days their rhythms had adapted to the tide schedule in Illinois. Although she could not posit an unequivocal causal relationship between behavior and environmental change, Brown concluded that a change in tide schedule is one of several possible exogenous influences (those outside the organism) on the oysters’ rhythms. Another experimenter, Hamner, however, discovered that hamsters from California maintain their original rhythms even at the South Pole. He concluded that endogenous influences (those inside the organism) seem to affect an organism’s rhythmic behavior.
17. All of the following could be considered examples of exogenous influences on an organism EXCEPT
the influence of the
(A) level of a hormone on a field mouse’s readiness for mating (B) temperature of a region on a bear’s hibernation (C) salt level of a river on a fish’s migration (D) humidity of an area on a cat’s shedding of its fur (E) proximity of an owl on a lizard’s searching for food
18. Which of the following statements best describes the conclusion drawn by Brown (lines 14-17)
(A) A change in tide schedule is the primary influence on an oyster’s rhythms.
(B) A change in tide schedule may be an important exogenous influence on an oyster’s rhythms. (C) Exogenous influences, such as a change in tide schedule, seldom affect an oyster’s rhythms. (D) Endogenous influences have no effect on an oyster’s rhythms. (E) Endogenous influences are the only influences on an oyster’s rhythms.
19. The passage suggests that Brown’s study was similar to Hamner’s in which of the following ways?
I.
Both experimenters discovered that a new environment had a significant effect on an organism’s behavior rhythms.
II. Both experimenters observed an organism’s behavioral rhythms after the organism had been
transported to a new environment.
III. Both experimenters knew an organism’s rhythmic patterns in its original environment. (A) I only (B) II only (C) I and II only (D) II and III only (E) I, II, and III
20. Which of the following, if true, would most weaken Brown’s conclusion?
(A) The oyster gradually closed their shells after high tide in Illinois had passed.
(B) The oysters’ behavioral rhythms maintained their adaptation to the tide schedule in Illinois
throughout thirty days of observation. (C) Sixteen days after they were moved to Illinois, the oysters opened their shells widest when it was
high tide in Connecticut. (D) A scientist who brought Maryland oysters to Maine found that the oysters opened their shells widest
when it was high tide in Maine. (E) In an experiment similar to Brown’s, a scientist was able to establish a clear causal relationship
between environmental change and behavioral rhythms.
Picture-taking is a technique both for annexing the objective world and for expressing the singular self. Photographs depict objective realities that already exist, though only the camera can disclose them. And they depict an individual photographer’s temperament, discovering itself through the camera’s cropping of reality. That is, photography has two antithetical ideals: in the first, photography is about the world and the photographer is a mere observe who counts for little; but in the second, photography is the instrument of intrepid, questing subjectivity and the photographer is all.
These conflicting ideals arise from a fundamental uneasiness on the part of both photographers and viewers of photographs toward the aggressive component in “taking” a picture. Accordingly, the ideal of a photographer as observer is attractive because it implicitly denies that picture-taking is an aggressive act. The issue, of course, is not so clear-cut. What photographers do cannot be characterized as simply predatory or as simply, and essentially, benevolent. As a consequence, one ideal of picture-taking or the other is always being rediscovered and championed.
An important result of the coexistence of these two ideals is a recurrent ambivalence toward photography’s means. Whatever the claims that photography might make to be a form of personal expression on a par with painting, its originality is inextricably linked to the powers of a machine. The steady growth of these powers has made possible the extraordinary informativeness and imaginative formal beauty of many photographs, like Harold Edgerton’s high-speed photographs of a bullet hitting its target or of the swirls and eddies of a tennis stroke. But as cameras become more sophisticated, more automated, some photographers are tempted to disarm themselves or to suggest that they are not really armed, preferring to submit themselves to the limits imposed by premodern camera technology because a cruder, less high-powered machine is thought to give more interesting or emotive results, to leave more room for creative accident. For example, it has been virtually a point of honor for many photographers, including Walker Evans and Cartier-Bresson, to refuse to use modern equipment. These photographers have come to doubt the value of the camera as an instrument of “fast seeing.” Cartier-Bresson, in fact, claims that the modern camera may see too fast.
This ambivalence toward photographic means determines trends in taste. The cult of the future (of faster and faster seeing) alternates over time with the wish to return to a purer past—when images had a handmade quality. This nostalgia for some pristine state of the photographic enterprise is currently widespread and underlies the present-day enthusiasm for daguerreotypes and the wok of forgotten nineteenth-century provincial photographers. Photographers and viewers of photographs, it seems, need periodically to resist their own knowingness.
21. According to the passage, interest among photographers in each of photography’s two ideals can be
described as
(A) rapidly changing (B) cyclically recurring (C) steadily growing
(D) unimportant to the viewers of photographs (E) unrelated to changes in technology 22. The author is primarily concerned with
(A) establishing new technical standards for contemporary photography (B) analyzing the influence of photographic ideals on picture-taking
(C) tracing the development of camera technology in the twentieth century
(D) describing how photographers’ individual temperaments are reflected in their work
(E) explaining how the technical limitations imposed by certain photographers on themselves affect
their work 23. The passage states all of the following about photographs EXCEPT:
(A) They can display a cropped reality. (B) The can convey information.
(C) They can depict the photographer’s temperament. (D) They can possess great formal beauty. (E) They can change the viewer’s sensibilities.
24. The author mentions the work of Harold Edgerton in order to provide an example of
(A) how a controlled ambivalence toward photography’s means can produce outstanding pictures (B) how the content of photographs has changed from the nineteenth century to the twentieth (C) the popularity of high-speed photography in the twentieth century (D) the relationship between photographic originality and technology (E) the primacy of formal beauty over emotional content
25. The passage suggests that photographers such as Walker Evans prefer old-fashioned techniques and
equipment because these photographers
(A) admire instruments of fast seeing (B) need to feel armed by technology
(C) strive for intense formal beauty in their photographs (D) like the discipline that comes from self-imposed limitations
(E) dislike the dependence of photographic effectiveness on the powers of a machine 26. According to the passage, the two antithetical ideals of photography differ primarily in the
(A) value that each places on the beauty of the finished product
(B) emphasis that each places on the emotional impact of the finished product (C) degree of technical knowledge that each requires of the photographer (D) extent of the power that each requires of the photographer’s equipment (E) way in which each defines the role of the photographer
27. Which of the following statements would be most likely to begin the paragraph immediately following
the passage?
(A) Photographers, as a result of their heightened awareness of time, are constantly trying to capture
events and actions that are fleeting. (B) Thus the cult of the future, the worship of machines and speed, is firmly established in spite of
efforts to the contrary by some photographers. (C) The rejection of technical knowledge, however, can never be complete and photography cannot for
any length of time pretend that it has no weapons. (D) The point of honor involved in rejecting complex equipment is, however, of no significance to the
viewer of a photograph. (E) Consequently the impulse to return to the past through images that suggest a handwrought quality is
nothing more that a passing fad.
GRE阅读题目答案
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